Subject(s)
CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology , COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage , HIV Infections/pathology , HIV-1/pathogenicity , Adenine/analogs & derivatives , Adenine/therapeutic use , Adult , Alanine , Amides , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active/methods , BNT162 Vaccine , CD4 Lymphocyte Count , CD4-CD8 Ratio , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology , COVID-19/immunology , COVID-19/prevention & control , COVID-19/virology , Emtricitabine/therapeutic use , HIV Infections/drug therapy , HIV Infections/immunology , HIV Infections/virology , HIV-1/growth & development , HIV-1/immunology , Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring , Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/therapeutic use , Humans , Neutralization Tests , Piperazines , Pyridones , RNA, Viral/blood , RNA, Viral/immunology , SARS-CoV-2/immunology , Tenofovir/analogs & derivatives , Treatment FailureABSTRACT
Multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines show protective efficacy, which is most likely mediated by neutralizing antibodies recognizing the viral entry protein, spike. Because new SARS-CoV-2 variants are emerging rapidly, as exemplified by the B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 lineages, it is critical to understand whether antibody responses induced by infection with the original SARS-CoV-2 virus or current vaccines remain effective. In this study, we evaluate neutralization of a series of mutated spike pseudotypes based on divergence from SARS-CoV and then compare neutralization of the B.1.1.7 spike pseudotype and individual mutations. Spike-specific monoclonal antibody neutralization is reduced dramatically; in contrast, polyclonal antibodies from individuals infected in early 2020 remain active against most mutated spike pseudotypes, but potency is reduced in a minority of samples. This work highlights that changes in SARS-CoV-2 spike can alter neutralization sensitivity and underlines the need for effective real-time monitoring of emerging mutations and their effect on vaccine efficacy.